Disadvantages And Side Effects Of Antibiotics
It is possible for problems to occur when antibiotics are used to treat conditions in children. Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause bacteria to change and build up resistance to antibiotics, requiring higher doses for effective treatment. Antibiotics also kill the good bacteria in the body, which can cause diarrhea. In some cases, antibiotics cause bad bacteria, likeClostridium difficile, to proliferate and cause infections that are hard to control. Antibiotics can also cause allergic reactions, like rash and nausea in children.
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Eric Patterson, MSCP, NCC, LPC, is a professional counselor who has been working for over a decade to help children, adolescents, and adults in western Pennsylvania reach their goals and improve their well-being.
Along the way, Eric worked as a collaborating investigator for the field trials of the DSM-5 and completed an agreement to provide mental health treatment to underserved communities with the National Health Service Corp.
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Schedule I Illegal Drugs
Schedule I drugs are put into this category because they have a high potential for misuse, and there is no accepted medical use for the drug, meaning there is a lack of safety in using the substance.2
You can find a comprehensive list of all Schedule I drugs on the DEAs website. Some of the more commonly used drugs on this list are:3
Why Are Drugs Illegal
Drugs are labeled as illegal if there is a potential for misuse of the substance. The Controlled Substances Act was first established in 1970 and attempted to put certain guidelines in place to control illegal drugs.
The CSA identified certain factors in deciding whether a substance had the potential for misuse. The factors included:2
- Evidence that people are using the drug in amounts that create health hazards or decrease safety to the drug user or surrounding community.
- The selling and buying of the drug are significantly diverted from legitimate and controlled channels.
- A significant amount of people are using the drug outside of the advice or supervision of a medical professional.
- A new drug is closely related to an existing drug that met the previous criteria.
If a substance is found to have no medical use, it is automatically designated as an illegal substance. When evidence shows that a substance has dangerous effects on your health or that it is likely to produce dependence on the substance, it will also be considered illegal.
If you or someone you know is using illegal drugs and wants help quitting, please call to speak to a specialist about treatment options.
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What Is Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic fever can develop following a Strep throat infection or scarlet fever. Although rare in the contiguous U.S., the disease is still prevalent in children of Samoan descent living in Hawaii and residents of American Samoa.
Symptoms of rheumatic fever usually show 14 to 28 days after a Strep infection. Because the bacteria trick the body’s immune system into attacking healthy tissues, the disease can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain.
Symptoms of rheumatic fever include:
When Taking An Antibiotic
It is important to take antibiotics in the correct way. If you do not, this may reduce how well they work. For example, some antibiotics need to be taken with food and others should be taken on an empty stomach. If you do not take your antibiotics in the right way it will affect how much of them get into your body and therefore they may not work as well. So, follow the instructions as given by your doctor and on the leaflet that comes with the antibiotic you are prescribed.
Always take the entire course of antibiotics as directed by your doctor. Even though you may feel better before your medicine is entirely gone, follow through and take the entire course. This is important for your healing. If an antibiotic is stopped in mid-course, germs may be partially treated and not completely killed. Bacteria may then become resistant to that antibiotic.
Overuse of antibiotics has led to some bacteria changing their form or structure and becoming resistant to some antibiotics, which may then not work when really needed. For example, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that has become resistant to many different antibiotics and is difficult to treat. Other bacteria produce chemicals called enzymes such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases which allow them to be resistant to certain antibiotics.
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Can I Treat A Uti Without Antibiotics
UTI treatment without antibiotics is NOT usually recommended. An early UTI, such as a bladder infection , can worsen over time, leading to a more severe kidney infection . However, a small study has suggested early, mild UTIs might clear up on their own. It’s always best to check with your doctor if you are having UTI symptoms.
Pregnant women should always see a doctor as soon as possible if they suspect they might have a UTI, as this can lead to a greater risk of delivering a low birth weight or premature infant.
How Do I Use Antibiotics Correctly
When you take antibiotics, it is important that you take them responsibly:
- Always follow the directions carefully. Finish your medicine even if you feel better. If you stop taking them too soon, some bacteria may survive and re-infect you.
- Don’t save your antibiotics for later.
- Don’t share your antibiotic with others.
- Don’t take antibiotics prescribed for someone else. This may delay the best treatment for you, make you even sicker, or cause side effects.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Top 10 List Of Common Infections Treated With Antibiotics
Most antibiotics fall into their individual antibiotic classes. An antibiotic class is a grouping of different drugs that have similar chemical and pharmacologic properties. Their chemical structures may look comparable, and drugs within the same class may kill the same or related bacteria.
However, it is important not to use an antibiotic for an infection unless your doctor specifically prescribes it, even if it’s in the same class as another drug you were previously prescribed. Antibiotics are specific for the kind of bacteria they kill. Plus, you would need a full treatment regimen to effectively cure your infection, so don’t use or give away leftover antibiotics.
Note: Tables below are not all-inclusive, generics are available for many brands.
How Can I Prevent Antibiotic Resistance
To prevent antibiotic resistance, avoid taking antibiotics unless it is essential. Donât take them for viral infections, such as a cold or the flu. Always follow the instructions from your healthcare professional about how much to take when. To prevent infections, clean your hands and living spaces regularly, and take steps to strengthen your immune system.
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When Are Antibiotics Useful
Colds, sore throats, coughs, fevers andmany ear infectionsare caused by viruses and should not be treated with antibiotics. But sometimes those symptoms may be part of a more serious condition. For example, pneumonia, whooping cough, urinary tract infections, sinus infections or strep throat have symptoms that mimic those caused by viruses but are caused by bacteria and can effectively be treated with antibiotics. In addition, some children have conditions that make it harder to heal, in which case antibiotics may be prescribed. Those conditions include cleft palate, Down syndrome and immune disorders and having a cochlear implant.
Does Cranberry Juice Prevent A Uti
Some patients may want to use cranberry or cranberry juice as a home remedy to treat a UTI. Cranberry juice has not been shown to cure an ongoing bacterial infection in the bladder or kidney.
Cranberry has been studied as a preventive maintenance agent for UTIs. Studies are mixed on whether cranberry can really prevent a UTI. Cranberry may work by preventing bacteria from sticking to the inside of the bladder however, it would take a large amount of cranberry juice to prevent bacterial adhesion. More recent research suggests cranberries may have no effect on preventing a UTI
- According to one expert, the active ingredient in cranberries — A-type proanthocyanidins — are effective against UTI-causing bacteria, but is only in highly concentrated cranberry capsules, not in cranberry juice.
- However, cranberry was not proven to prevent recurrent UTIs in several well-controlled studies, as seen in a 2012 meta-analysis of 24 trials published by the Cochrane group.
- While studies are not conclusive, there is no harm in drinking cranberry juice. However, if you develop symptoms, see your doctor. Some people find large quantities of cranberry juice upsetting to the stomach.
Increasing fluid intake like water, avoiding use of spermicides, and urinating after intercourse may be helpful in preventing UTIs, although limited data is available.
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How Do Antibiotic Combos Work
Antibiotic combos consist of a combination of two or more antibiotics used for treating:
- Bacterialmeningitis
- Urinary tract infections
Sulfamethoxazole when given in combination with trimethoprim stops the bacteria from growing and multiplying and causes their death.
Sulfamethoxazole does not kill the bacteria but interferes with their ability to grow and multiply . Bacteria need folic acid for their growth and multiplication. A sulfa drug interrupts the bacterias ability to use folic acid, thus inhibiting the growth process. As a result, the bacteria fail to reproduce. As humans rely on diet for obtaining folic acid, they are usually safe against the adverse effects of inhibition of folate production.
Trimethoprim kills the bacteria by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby blocking the production of folic acid. Folic acid is essential for bacterial cells to survive, and the lack of this mineral can kill the bacteria.
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
A Word on Antimicrobial Stewardship
In the United States, it has been reported that nearly half of the antibiotics prescribed were incorrect in some way, and almost one-third of antibiotics were deemed unnecessary in hospitalized patients. Appropriate antibiotic use has become a public health issue . The practice of antimicrobial stewardship revolves around the concept of optimizing antimicrobial therapy and reducing adverse events through economically responsible methods. These interprofessional programs work to identify ways to improve patient outcomes. Stewardship programs are increasingly becoming more common to address issues related to antibiotic usage, including combating antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotic therapy and accompanying stewardship require the effort of an interprofessional healthcare team that includes physicians , mid-level practitioners , pharmacists, and nursing staff. This includes only using these agents when clinically indicated, targeted therapy based on the susceptibility of the infectious organism, and monitoring of side effects and, where indicated, drug levels. Employing interprofessional strategies with open information sharing can improve therapeutic results with antibiotic therapy and minimize adverse events.
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Which Antibiotic Is Usually Prescribed
The choice of antibiotic mainly depends on which infection you have and the germ your doctor thinks is causing your infection. This is because each antibiotic is effective only against certain bacteria and parasites. For example, if you have pneumonia, the doctor knows what kinds of bacteria typically cause most cases of pneumonia. He or she will choose the antibiotic that best combats those kinds of bacteria.
There are other factors that influence the choice of an antibiotic. These include:
- How severe the infection is.
- How well your kidneys and liver are working.
- Dosing schedule.
- A history of having an allergy to a certain type of antibiotic.
- If you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Pattern of infection in your community.
- Pattern of resistance to antibiotics by germs in your area.
Even if you are pregnant or breastfeeding there are a number of antibiotics that are thought to be safe to take.
How Should I Take Antibiotics
It is important to learn how to take antibiotics correctly. Read the label to see how many pills to take and how often to take your medicine. Also, ask your pharmacist if there is anything you should know about the medication.
An important question to ask is how the medication should be taken. Some medications need to be taken with something in your stomachs such as a glass of milk or a few crackers, and others only with water. Taking your antibiotics incorrectly may affect their absorption, reducing or eliminating their effectiveness.
It is also important to store your medication correctly. Many children’s antibiotics need to be refrigerated , while others are best left at room temperature .
Take your entire course of antibiotics. Even though you may feel better before your medicine is entirely gone, follow through and take the entire course. This is important for your healing. If an antibiotic is stopped in midcourse, the bacteria may be partially treated and not completely killed, causing the bacteria to be resistant to the antibiotic. This can cause a serious problem if those now-resistant bacteria grow enough to cause a reinfection.
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Who Cannot Take Antibiotics
It is very rare for anyone not to be able to take some type of antibiotic. The main reason why you may not be able to take an antibiotic is if you have had an allergic reaction to an antibiotic in the past. Even if you have had an allergic reaction to one antibiotic, your doctor or health professional will be able to choose a different type of antibiotic, which you will be able to take. If you are pregnant, there are certain antibiotics you should not take, but your health professional will be able to advise on which one is suitable if an antibiotic is needed. If you are on some medication, certain antibiotics may need to be avoided, or your regular medication stopped whilst you take the antibiotic. As above, when prescribed an antibiotic, make sure the prescriber knows about any other medication you take.
How to use the Yellow Card Scheme
If you think you have had a side-effect to one of your medicines you can report this on the Yellow Card Scheme. You can do this online at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
The Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses aware of any new side-effects that medicines or any other healthcare products may have caused. If you wish to report a side-effect, you will need to provide basic information about:
- The side-effect.
- The name of the medicine which you think caused it.
- The person who had the side-effect.
- Your contact details as the reporter of the side-effect.
Are There Any Over
Over-the-counter oral antibiotics are not approved in the U.S. A bacterial infection is best treated with a prescription antibiotic that is specific for the type of bacteria causing the infection. Using a specific antibiotic will increase the chances that the infection is cured and help to prevent antibiotic resistance. In addition, a lab culture may need to be performed to pinpoint the bacteria and to help select the best antibiotic. Taking the wrong antibiotic — or not enough — may worsen the infection and prevent the antibiotic from working the next time.
There are a few over-the-counter topical antibiotics that can be used on the skin. Some products treat or prevent minor cuts, scrapes or burns on the skin that may get infected with bacteria. These are available in creams, ointments, and even sprays.
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What Are The Symptoms Of A Strep Throat
Generally, Strep sore throats tend to be very painful and symptoms persist for a lot longer than sore throats due to another cause. Swallowing may be particularly difficult and painful. Symptoms of a Strep throat may include:
- Sudden onset of sore throat
- Very red and swollen-looking tonsils and back of the throat
- Sometimes streaks of pus or red spots may appear on the roof of the mouth
- Swollen and tender glands in the neck.
Children are more likely to feel sick and vomit.
People with a Strep throat do NOT typically have a cough, runny nose, hoarseness, mouth ulcers, or conjunctivitis. If these symptoms occur there is more likely to be a viral cause for the sore throat.
Some people are susceptible to the toxins produced by the S. pyrogenes bacteria and develop a bright red rash that feels like sandpaper to the touch. A rash caused by S. pyrogenes bacteria is known as Scarlet Fever . Although it usually follows a sore throat, it may also occur after school sores .