What Antibiotics Treat Coagulase Negative Staph Uti

Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infections

Prosthetic vascular graft infection is most commonly associated with grafts distal to the inguinal region . Infection can occur within 30 days of grafting, but more commonly occurs months to years later. It is diagnosed by physical examination and imaging, which shows sinus tracts or pseudo-aneurysms at the site of vascular anastomosis .

Distribution Of Clinical Isolates

In total, 828 CoNS were isolated from patients admitted to various wards at the hospital. The 828 CoNS isolated belonged to 12 different species , and 89.7% of these strains were isolated from urine, sperm, vaginal swabs, endovascular catheter-associated infections, bladder catheters, blood cultures and bronchial-aspirates . The other 10.3% were isolated from other patient samples . Data analysis showed that the most frequently detected CoNS were S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis and S. hominis. S. haemolyticus was mainly isolated from urine , whereas S. epidermidis and S. hominis were mainly isolated from blood cultures . All other species accounted for only a small portion of the isolates investigated .

Prevention And Infection Control

The single most important factor that can reduce the incidence of infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci is strict adherence to hand washing, both prior to and after examining patients. Meticulous surgical technique is paramount to limit intra-operative bacterial contamination, particularly in procedures where foreign bodies such as prosthetic valves and joints are being introduced. Strict attention to technique when inserting lines and catheters may also contribute to an overall reduction in infection rates.

Catheters, intravascular devices, and surgical cements impregnated with antibacterial compounds or antibiotics have been developed, although their ability to prevent infection is still unclear. Current strategies surrounding appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis during cardiac, neurosurgical, and orthopedic surgeries remain an important first line defense in minimizing infection in surgical patients.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are part of the normal nasal and cutaneous flora so they will never be, nor should they be fully eradicated. There may be healthcare-related clones, much like some clones of S. aureus, that are move virulent and eradication of such clones may be desirable when there are proven methods for effective decolonization.

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How Do Patients Contract This Infection And How Do I Prevent Spread To Other Patients

• Epidemiology

  CoNS are commensal flora of the human skin and mucous membranes and rarely cause primary disease. Their pathogenic potential resides in their ability to colonize biomaterials and cause medical device infections. CoNS, largely S. epidermidis, are the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections and are responsible for approximately 30% of these infections, which are chiefly due to intravascular catheters. Similarly, CoNS are a leading cause of various other device-associated infections, including vascular grafts, cerebro-spinal fluid shunts, prosthetic joints, and artificial heart valves. As the use of such devices has increased in developed countries, the incidence of infection due to CoNS has increased in tandem.

  Pulse field gel electrophoresis is generally regarded as the best test to address questions of short-term molecular epidemiology. There is great diversity in pulse-field patterns. Finding indistinguishable PFGE patterns in the context of an outbreak or in complex clinical situations is a reliable indicator of clonality. Longer-term population analysis is better addressed by multi-locus sequence typing .

Ceftriaxone As Home Iv For Staph Infections

This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, unblinded trial with a pragmatic design. The goal is to assess whether the intervention is non-inferior to standard therapies in achieving the primary outcome. Patients will be drawn from inpatient populations and patients treated through an outpatient antibiotic therapy clinic who are eligible for further IV treatment through a home intravenous therapy program. Patients meeting inclusion criteria as described will be asked to participate and informed consent obtained. Once informed consent is obtained patients will be randomized to receive ceftriaxone or standard therapies as determined by the treating infectious diseases physician. Patients will have deep-seated infections such as:

• Deep Tissue Infection
• Diabetic Foot Infection

Inclusion Criteria:

Exclusion Criteria:

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Establishment Of Adherent Monolayers

Bacterial cultures of adherent monolayers were established following the method of Miyake et al. , which involved the addition of 50 L volumes of bacterial suspension into wells of a 96-well flat-bottom microplate . The microplates were then centrifuged at 20°C for 10 min at 450 × g, followed by incubation at 35°C for 1 h. Non-adherent bacterial cells were removed by gently washing each well twice with 100 L phosphate buffered saline . The number of cells in adherent monolayers was determined by a series of steps: adding 100 L PBS into each well, scraping the wells with sterile pipette tips, swabbing the wells with a cotton-tipped swab, mixing the contents, and pipetting 10 L of the content for viable counts. The average bacterial count of four wells was used to represent all the monolayers in the microplates before any treatment.

Whats The Evidence For Specific Management And Treatment Recommendations

Daroucihe, RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. N Engl J Med. vol. 350. 2004. pp. 1422-9.

Fey, PD, Olson, ME. Current concepts in biofilm formation of . Future Microbiol. vol. 5. 2010. pp. 917-33.

Hall, KK, Lyman, JA. Updated review of blood culture contamination. Clin Microbiol Rev. vol. 19. 2006. pp. 788-802.

Lewis, K, Spoering, AL, Kaldalu, N, Keren, I, Shah, D, Pace, JL, Rupp, ME, Finch, RG. Persisters: specialized cells responsible for biofilm tolerance. Biofilms, infection, and antimicrobial therapy. 2006. pp. 241-56.

Mermel, LA, Allon, M, Bouza, E. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. vol. 49. 2009. pp. 1-45.

Raad, I, Hanna, HA, Alakech, B, Chatzinikolaou, I, Johnson, MM, Tarrand, J. Differential time to positivity: a useful method for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infections. Ann Intern Med. vol. 140. 2004. pp. 18-25.

Rogers, KL, Fey, PD, Rupp, ME. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. vol. 23. 2009. pp. 73-98.

Sader, HS, Jones, RN. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from US medical centers. Diagnos Microbiol Infect Dis. vol. 65. 2009. pp. 158-62.

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Mechanisms Of Resistance In Staphylococci To Various Classes Of Antibiotics

Mechanisms of resistance of the various classes of antibiotics used in cats and dogs therapy are discussed below.

3.2.1 Penicillins. Penicillins are one of the earliest classes of antimicrobial agents to be used in human medicine and also used to treat large and small animals for a variety of disease conditions . Penicillin is use to treat pyoderma in dogs and cats. Intrinsic resistant to penicillins caused by the production of β-lactamases is very wide spread among canine staphylococci .

3.2.2 Tetracyclines. Tetracyclines have been used widely for therapy and prevention of bacterial infections in humans, animals and plants . Four different tetracycline resistance genes assigned to classes K, L, M and O have been detected in staphylococci of animal origin . These genes encode resistance mechanisms such as active efflux and ribosome protection . Tetracycline influx proteins K and L consist of 14 transmembrane regions and the corresponding genes, tetK and tetL, are most often plasmid borne . tetM and tetO that code for ribosome protective proteins have been identified in staphylococci and they appear to be inducible by tetracycline. The tetM gene is part of conjugative transposons and exhibits a broad host range .

How Do You Identify Coagulase Negative Staphylococci

Coagulase-negative staphylococci generally are not fully identified, are called Staphylococcus epidermidis, and are considered contaminants when isolated from blood cultures. In a cancer hospital during 6 months, 46 patients had multiple blood cultures which yielded coagulase-negative staphylococci.

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Can I Treat A Uti Without Antibiotics

UTI treatment without antibiotics is NOT usually recommended. An early UTI, such as a bladder infection , can worsen over time, leading to a more severe kidney infection . However, a small study has suggested early, mild UTIs might clear up on their own. It’s always best to check with your doctor if you are having UTI symptoms.

Pregnant women should always see a doctor as soon as possible if they suspect they might have a UTI, as this can lead to a greater risk of delivering a low birth weight or premature infant.

What Are The Causes And Risk Factors Of Coagulase

According to a 2007 review, most CoNS infections are nosocomial. This means a person is exposed to the bacteria in a hospital. A person may have had surgery or an illness that required a stay in the hospital where CoNS bacteria outside the body got into the body.

For this reason, its important that healthcare providers practice excellent hand hygiene. Its also vital they practice sterile techniques when inserting catheters, starting IVs, and performing surgery.

Those who are at greatest risk for CoNS infections include:

• People with a compromised immune system. This includes people with cancer, older adults, the very young, or those who have an autoimmune disorder.
• People with an indwelling urinary catheter.
• People with a central IV line. An example is a peripherally inserted central catheter line.
• People whove undergone certain procedures. This includes people whove had joint replacement surgery, a cerebrospinal fluid shunt, or a pacemaker, ocular, or cosmetic implant.

The presence of these risk factors is why many orthopedic surgeons wont perform a joint replacement surgery on someone who has a skin infection. They will wait until the infection has healed.

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Mbcs For Biofilms And Planktonic Cells At Stationary Phase

Determination of MBCs for the biofilms was also based on the reduction in viable counts after overnight exposure to antibiotics. After the MICs of the antibiotics for biofilms had been determined, the viable bacteria remaining in biofilms in wells with antibiotic concentrations above MICs were counted. MBCs for biofilms were calculated by dividing the pre-determined viable count of untreated biofilms by the viable counts of specified wells after antibiotic exposure. The MBCs of the antibiotics against planktonic bacteria at stationary phase were determined following the CLSI guidelines except that stationary phase cultures replaced log-phase cultures . The MBCs for planktonic cells at stationary phase and for biofilms were defined as the minimum concentration of antibiotics required to reduce bacterial numbers by at least 3 logs.

What Oral Antibiotics Are Used To Treat An Uncomplicated Uti In Women

The following oral antibiotics are commonly used to treat most uncomplicated UTI infections :

• sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim

Your doctor will choose your antibiotic based on your history, type of UTI, local resistance patterns, and cost considerations. First-line options are usually selected from nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Amoxicillin/clavulanate and certain cephalosporins, for example cefpodoxime, cefdinir, or cefaclor may be appropriate options when first-line options cannot be used.

Length of treatment for cystitis can range from a single, one-time dose, to a course of medication over 5 to 7 days. Kidney infections may require injectable treatment, hospitalization, as well as a longer course of antibiotic, depending upon severity of the infection.

Sometimes a UTI can be self-limiting in women, meaning that the body can fight the infection without antibiotics however, most uncomplicated UTI cases can be treated quickly with a short course of oral antibiotics. Never use an antibiotic that has been prescribed for someone else.

In men with symptoms that do not suggest a complicated UTI, treatment can be the same as women. In men with complicated UTIs and/or symptoms of prostatitis are not present, men can be treated for 7 days with a fluoroquinolone . Tailor therapy once urine cultures are available.

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In Vitro Susceptibility Testing

Single Drugs

The coagulase-negative staphylococci most frequently associated with clinical infections share similar antimicrobial susceptibility profiles with the exception of S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus. S. saprophyticus is typically susceptible to most antimicrobials, including the aminopenicillins. S. haemolyticus is not only often multi-drug resistant, but may also be resistant to teicoplanin and vancomycin . Recently, several new antimicrobials with good activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci have been introduced into clinical practice: linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin. Linezolid displays good activity against the coagulase-negative staphylococci, including glycopeptide resistant strains . Resistance to linezolid in coagulase-negative staphylococci has recently been described , in particular in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia who failed linezolid for therapy of a bacteremia due to S. epidermidis. A mutation in the V region of the 23S rRNA gene was present in multiple linezolid-resistant blood isolates . Very little resistance to daptomycin and tigecycline has been reported to date The in vitro activity of antimicrobials that have been used to treat staphylococcal infections has been recently reviewed by John and Harvin and is presented in the Table. Most of these agents have an MIC90 < 0.5 µg/ml.

Combination Drugs

What Is A Urinary Tract Infection

If you have ever experienced the frequent urge to go the bathroom with painful and burning urination, you have probably experienced a urinary tract infection . UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, accounting for over 10 million visits to health care providers each year. Roughly 40% of women experience a UTI at some time, and in women, it is the most common infection. Healthcare costs related to UTIs exceed $1.6 billion per year.

A urinary tract infection can happen anywhere along your urinary tract, which includes the kidneys , the ureters , the bladder , or the urethra . Most UTIs occur in the bladder and urethra. Common symptoms include frequent need to urinate, burning while urinating, and pain in lower abdomen area.

There are different types of UTIs based on where the bacteria goes. A lower urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria gets into the urethra and is deposited up into the bladder — this is called cystitis. Infections that get past the bladder and up into the kidneys are called pyelonephritis.

Urinary tract infection symptoms may include:

• Pain or burning upon urination
• A frequent or urgent need to urinate
• Passing small amounts of urine
• Blood in the urine or or pink-stained urine
• Urines that looks cloudy
• Strong-smelling urine
• Pain, cramping in the pelvis or pubic bone area, especially in women

Upper UTIs which include the kidney may also present with symptoms of fever, chills, back or side pain, and nausea or vomiting.

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What Are The Treatments For Coagulase Negative Staph

Fact Checked

Coagulase negative staphylococci species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hemolyticus are commonly found on the skin and the mucous membranes of many individuals 1. CoNS is a common contaminant of the artificial valves, joints, pacemakers and central nervous system shunts and can cause blood, heart, brain, bone and eye infections. Antibiotics are the drugs of choice to treat CoNS infections.

If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately.

Common Side Effects With Antibiotic Use

Each antibiotic is responsible for its own unique list of side effects, and the list is usually extensive. Be sure to discuss your individual antibiotic side effects with your healthcare provider. However, there are side effects that are common to most antibiotics, regardless of class or drug:

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Will I Need An Intravenous Antibiotic For A Uti

If you are pregnant, have a high fever, or cannot keep food and fluids down, your doctor may admit you to the hospital so you can have treatment with intravenous antibiotics for a complicated UTI. You may return home and continue with oral antibiotics when your infection starts to improve.

In areas with fluoroquinolone resistance exceeding 10%, in patients with more severe pyelonephritis, those with a complicated UTI who have allergies to fluoroquinolones, or are unable to tolerate the drug class, intravenous therapy with an agent such as ceftriaxone, or an aminoglycoside, such as gentamicin or tobramycin, may be appropriate. Your ongoing treatment should be based on susceptibility data received from the laboratory.

What Common Complications Are Associated With Infection With This Pathogen

• Complications of infection due to CoNS are usually due to direct extension of infection in peri-medical device tissues and/or device malfunction. For example, as CoNS prosthetic valve endocarditis progresses, valvular dysfunction, heart failure, and cardiac conduction abnormalities develop. Because CoNS do not produce exotoxins or other pro-inflammatory compounds , rarely do patients develop overt signs of severe sepsis or septic shock, even with endovascular infections associated with high-grade bacteremia. Rarely, patients exhibit immunologic phenomena associated with chronic bacteremia immune complex deposition in the kidneys causes shunt nephritis. More specific information regarding complications can be found in sections addressing specific organ system infection topics.

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Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Diagnosis of staphylococcal infections is by Gram stain and culture of infected material.

Susceptibility tests should be done because methicillin-resistant organisms are now common and require alternative therapy.

When staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is suspected, cultures should be obtained from blood, urine, the nasopharynx, the umbilicus, abnormal skin, or any suspected focus of infection the intact bullae are sterile. Although the diagnosis is usually clinical, a biopsy of the affected skin may help confirm the diagnosis.

Staphylococcal food poisoning is usually suspected because of case clustering . Confirmation entails isolating staphylococci from suspect food and sometimes testing for enterotoxins.

In osteomyelitis, x-ray changes may not be apparent for 10 to 14 days, and bone rarefaction and periosteal reaction may not be detected for even longer. Abnormalities in MRI, CT, or radionuclide bone scans are often apparent earlier. Bone biopsy should be done for pathogen identification and susceptibility testing.